Diseases of the colon and rectum
doi: 10.1126/science.aaq0926 34 DongW.LunY.SunJ.LiuB
Studies in HTM cells showed that during CLAN formation, v3 integrin signaling activates the Rac1 GEF Trio ( Given the effects of v3 integrin on phagocytosis, ECM deposition and actin polymerization, it is not surprising that v3 integrin activation significantly increased IOP in C57BL/6J mice while the knockdown of v3 integrin levels in the mouse TM significantly decreased IOP ( 41 Integrin 41 is another integrin found in the TM/SC pathway (Zhou et al., 1999
Figure 2 The core characteristics and mechanisms of candidalysin are well-defined: it exerts cytotoxicity by membrane insertion/lytication, activates pathways such as EGFR-MAPK and NLRP3 inflammasome to induce inflammation and damage in host cells, and targeted anti-infection strategies against this toxin have been summarized (Lortal et al., 2025)
Based on current evidence, the most accurate answer is: it probably doesnt matter as much as you think
At 10% concentration, this delivers approximately 0.5%-2% active AHK-Cu peptide in the finished product, which is within the scientifically validated effective range
