Both kahweol and cafestol are potent enhancers of glutathione S-transferase, a major antioxidant enzyme (and one that is known to both prevent and be therapeutic in cancer)
where ascorbate with Fe 2+ may catalyze the formation of ROS
Moreover, the bidirectional communication pathways between the gut-kidney, brain-kidney, and gut-brain suggest that any regulation of one pathway will inevitably influence the others
In a porcine model, enhanced pulmonary disease was observed after vaccination with an inactivated influenza H1N2 strain followed by heterologous H1N1 challenge 44
Guidelines for clinical trials in melasma
Bonet-Aleta J, Encinas-Gimenez M, Urriolabeitia E, Martin-Duque P, Hueso JL, Santamaria J