NAD+ has meaningfully more human clinical evidence
For instance: Sub-toxic doses of nsPEF activate autophagy as a compensatory mechanism to repair membrane damage, but prolonged exposure increases cell death while concomitantly reducing autophagy markers ( Notably, nsPEF can also exert cell cycle-specific effects on tumor cells, such as inhibiting the proliferation of S-phase cells without significantly affecting their viability ( Collectively, these studies reveal the potential of PEFs to exert multi-faceted anti-tumor effects by inducing apoptosis, modulating autophagy, triggering ferroptosis, activating other RCD pathways, and potentially synergizing with chemotherapeutic drugs ( Figure 2 )
Single-agent human RCTs remain sparse
Nutritional imbalances, including low B12 levels, are becoming increasingly common due to: Highly processed diets Use of acid-reducing medications Digestive disorders (like IBS or celiac disease) Vegetarian or vegan diets without proper supplementation In suburban communities like Troy, MI, where fast-paced lifestyles often limit dietary variety, its easy to overlook vitamin levels until symptoms appear
Take preventative measures against chronic inflammation
The swarm colony was smaller for cells grown in the absence of copper, likely due to a slower growth rate of the cells from depleted levels of GspD
