28 A modified version focused on ask, advise, and refer has also been proposed for oral health professionals, but research suggests patients are more successful in quit attempts when using the 5 As approach
It breaks down alternative tobacco and nicotine products, providing clear definitions, types, and technologies
Reconstituted tobacco Reconstituted tobacco is a paper-like sheet often added to cigarettes and cigars
1st Vintage Books ed edition (July 29, 1997)) ISBN 978-0375700361 The Cigarette: A Political History
Implementation Details Todays court order applies to defendants Altria, Philip Morris USA and R.J
Passik, PhD Associate Attending Psychologist Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center New York, NY The Four As of Pain Treatment Outcomes Analgesia (pain relief) Activities of Daily Living (psychosocial functioning) Adverse effects (side effects) Aberrant drug taking (addiction-related outcomes) Passik & Weinreb, 1998 Probably more predictive Selling prescription drugs Prescription forgery Stealing or borrowing another patients drugs Injecting oral formulation Obtaining prescription drugs from non-medical sources Concurrent abuse of related illicit drugs Multiple unsanctioned dose escalations Recurrent prescription losses Probably less predictive Aggressive complaining about need for higher doses Drug hoarding during periods of reduced symptoms Requesting specific drugs Acquisition of similar drugs from other medical sources Unsanctioned dose escalation 1 2 times Unapproved use of the drug to treat another symptom Reporting psychic effects not intended by the clinician Aberrant Drug-taking Behaviors: The Model Passik and Portenoy, 1998 Rank Aberrant Behavior: Mean (SD) 1 Selling prescription drugs 4.0 (3.5) 2 Forging prescriptions 4.4 (3.6) 3 Altering route or drug delivery system (ie, crushing sustained release tablets for snorting or injecting) 4.7 (3.6) 4 Concurrent abuse of related illicit drugs 5.1 (2.9) 5 Stealing or borrowing medications from others 5.2 (2.9) 6 Obtaining drug from non-medical source 5.8 (3.0) 7 Frequent prescription losses 6.2 (2.7) 8 Multiple unsanctioned dosing 7.4 (2.9) 9 Aggressive demand for more drug 7.6 (3.4) 10 Unapproved use of drug to treat non-pain symptoms 7.7 (3.1) 11 Drug hoarding 8.6 (3.3) 12 Unsanctioned dose escalation once or twice 9.8 (3.6) 13 Unkempt appearance 11.0 (3.2) Physician-Ranking of Aberrant Behaviors Passik S, Kirsh K, et al
