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Kilic, A

Unfortunately, data show vitamin B12 deficiency is surprisingly common, affecting as many as 15% of people, either because theyre not consuming enough of the vitamin or their body is having trouble absorbing it and using it

Significantly, vitamin B12 concentrations imply the levels of vitamin B12 in the circulation, and higher levels of serum vitamin B12 may not be directly caused by a higher intake, instead the dysregulation of the metabolism of this vitamin may contribute to higher levels of vitamin B12 in the circulation

Its also being explored in research as a nootropic for memory and learning

These mechanisms are essential for maintaining lean muscle mass, supporting recovery after physical exertion, and optimizing metabolic efficiency

Neuroprotective kynurenine metabolite indices are abnormally reduced and positively associated with hippocampal and amygdalar volume in bipolar disorder