Numerous labs across the world have shown that inflammation causes reduced motivation and anhedonia, a core symptom of depression, by affecting the brains reward pathways
Research has shown that even in people without any underlying health conditions, when taking a 500 microgram oral supplement, only 10 micrograms (or 2%) is absorbed (Carmel, 2008)
A recent systematic review and meta-analysis of 25 observational studies found proton-pump inhibitor use was associated with a small increased risk of vitamin B 12 deficiency
Injectable administration bypasses this limitation while topical application provides concentrated local delivery
That said, theyre not ideal for everyone, including pregnant or breastfeeding women and people with kidney disease or certain metabolic disorders
Take a fresh alcohol swab and firmly wipe the entire surface of the rubber stopper using a single circular motion from center to edge