One study covered in the review found that a topical containing Syn-Ake resulted in a 52% reduction in wrinkle size after 28 days of use.34 (As an interesting side note, you may have noticed that Syn-Ake kind of looks or sounds like the word snake. This is because the synthetic peptide Syn-Ake is an analog of a natural one called Waglerin-1, which is derived from the venom of the Southeast Asian temple viper.)34 As with Allies of Skin, much of the research behind the ingredients in The Ordinarys product is positive
Those three things are being conflated constantly in the peptide conversation, and patients are making injection decisions based on the conflation rather than the distinction
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In addition to being a therapeutic target, oxidative stress has been shown to decrease the GSH:GSSG ratio which has proven useful as a clinically accessible, pharmacodynamic biomarker of immune redox tone for conditions such as malignancy (Zitka et al., 2012)
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Lyophilization is a sophisticated freeze-drying process that removes water, placing the peptide in a state of suspended animation