CRD42023385632) ( We followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, adhering to the 4-phase flow diagram and the 27-item checklist for this study (see PRISMA reporting checklist) 6
Moreover, the urine levels of metabolites of acrylonitrile, acrolein, propylene oxide, acrylamide and crotonaldehyde, all of which are detrimental for human health, were significantly higher in e-cigarette -only users than in non-smoker controls, reaching up to twice the registered values of those from non-smoker subjects (Table 1) [9]
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Since these products are typically single-use, they generate a substantial amount of electronic waste, raising alarms about their sustainability
Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde, also present in tobacco smoke, cause tissue damage and inflammation, promoting a cancerous environment