This research was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32388101 and 32250001 to D.X., 32425011 and 32488302 to J.Y.), National Key R&D Program of China (2022YFD1400800 and 2021YFA1300400 to D.X.), China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2020M670286 to Y.Y.), Postdoctoral Fellowship of Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences
Disorders of neurotransmitters such as glutamate, -aminobutyric acid (GABA), acetylcholine (Ach), dopamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, norepinephrine, histamine, melatonin, and nitric oxide are involved in the pathogenesis of epilepsy (9)
Tryptophan metabolism and related pathways in psychoneuroimmunology: the impact of nutrition and lifestyle
Since glutathione is produced by the bi-functional enzyme glutathione synthetase, it was important that we tested and expressed this enzyme in our mathematical modelling and plasmid design

Ongoing low-dose maintenance (experimental) Continuous dosing approach: Dose: 1-2mg daily OR 3-5mg 2-3x weekly Duration: Ongoing (not cycled) Goal: Maintain constant telomerase activation Status: Experimental, not from research protocols Rationale: Telomerase needs continuous activation to maintain telomere length Cyclic dosing may allow regression between cycles Low-dose continuous might provide stable benefits Similar to maintenance protocols for other peptides Continuous dosing options: Advantages of continuous: No "off" periods where benefits regress Potentially stronger cumulative anti-aging More like natural physiologic regulation Easier to stack with other peptides Disadvantages: Much higher annual cost ($1,800-3,600 vs $300-600) No long-term safety data Uncertain if better than cyclic approach Storage challenges (more reconstitution) Deviates from proven protocols Current recommendation: Stick with proven 10-day cycles for most users Consider continuous only if cyclic approach inadequate Start with standard protocol first Assess your individual response Consult with peptide-knowledgeable physician Use our peptide cycle planning guide to design your Epithalon protocol

and KPV (10mg), the C-terminal -MSH tripeptide associated with NF-B pathway inhibition and reduced inflammatory cytokine secretion