Animal studies further indicate parenchymal accumulation and microglial activation, where intracellular 50500 nm particles tend to correlate with cytotoxic effects ( 3.2 Oxidative stress and neuroinflammation Oxidative stress is a central mechanism in MPs-induced neurotoxicity
its excessive degradation is directly related to wrinkle formation (2)
Topical corticosteroids, potent anti-inflammatory agents, inhibit the synthesis of inflammatory mediators like prostaglandins, cytokines, endothelin-1 (EDN-1), and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in various skin cells [162]
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Indirect lesion area was determined by subtracting the intact area of the ipsilateral hemisphere from the contralateral hemisphere