Research has documented effects on dermal papilla cell proliferation, downregulation of inflammatory cytokines at the follicle level, neutralization of reactive oxygen species, and modulation of gene expression associated with extracellular matrix repair.5 In other words: where minoxidil pushes one lever harder, GHK-Cu turns on a coordinated set of native processes
145 TomofujiT.SanbeT.EkuniD.AzumaT.IrieK.MaruyamaT.et al (2008)
10.1111/ejn.12642 Eur
Yes, peptides in solution need refrigeration
Strongly basic conditions, high temperatures, and prolonged exposure to light can compromise the copper coordination and degrade the peptide
More specifically, a coordinated network of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants exists in both the intracellular and extracellular locations to remove radicals before they damage proteins, lipids or DNA