As a potent antioxidant, its reduced form (GSH) neutralizes reactive oxygen species (ROS), preventing oxidative damage to lipids, proteins, and DNA
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3.4.4 Summary Preclinical studies consistently demonstrate that metformin attenuates DOX-induced cardiotoxicity through coordinated modulation of oxidative stress, mitochondrial dynamics, autophagy, apoptosis, and inflammation
2 The two dominant incretins are glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), secreted by enteroendocrine L cells (located in the ileum and colon), and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP), secreted by K cells (located mainly in the duodenum)
10.1073/pnas.1532244100 Proc
The addition of glucagon receptor agonism introduces theoretical concerns about hepatic glucose output, though no clinically significant hyperglycemia was observed