In an experimental model of abdominal aortic aneurysm, topiramate markedly downregulated pro-inflammatory M1 macrophage activity, reduced the expression of TNF-, IL-1, and matrix metalloproteinase-9, and promoted a phenotypic shift of macrophages from M1 to M2, thereby mitigating pro-inflammatory activity and enhancing tissue repair processes ( These studies collectively suggest that topiramate exerts significant neuroprotective effects across various pathological models through its potent anti-inflammatory properties
Institutional review board statement Not applicable
Inhal Toxicol 2013;25:257271
Research teams must keep detailed records of experimental procedures and compound usage
But, if the company describes its product as an immunity booster, the agencys authority is less clear
Because our diets rarely contain perfectly balanced, nutritious meals, many people turn to oral supplements