In particular, liposoluble scavengers in cellular membranes have high diffusion rates, enabling them to abolish the radical chain reactions by immediately converting them into more stable and less reactive molecules ( 4 General overview of thyroid diseases Thyroid hormones have a considerable impact on the cellular oxidative stress processes which is ascribed to their role in cellular metabolism and oxygen consumption ( Thyroid hormones exhibit profound metabolic effects characterized by an increased rate of both catabolic and anabolic reactions, resulting in an overall acceleration of the basal metabolism which is associated with increased oxygen consumption, respiratory rate, energy expenditure, and heat production ( Hypothyroidism is associated with an increased risk of atherosclerosis due to its metabolic effects ( In thyroid diseases, metabolic disorders associated with low-grade inflammation can also lead to an increased oxidative stress ( Thyroid diseases are considered the most commonly reported endocrine diseases in clinical practice, followed by lipid and carbohydrate disorders ( Figure 1 .)

In addition, some insects, such as Apis cerana , Spodoptera exigua and Bombus ignites , can also initiate the corresponding oxidative stress mechanism when, for example, they encounter heavy metals and toxic compounds [20,21,22]
These interventions should be interpreted within their appropriate translational context, as their relevance differs across populations and clinical settings, emphasizing the importance of personalized application and additional clinical validation
This aqueous fruit extract as well as its biomarker: scopoletin, may be beneficial as a potential preventive and therapeutic agent for gastro-esophageal inflammation
It was packed in identical pills and bottles as the DMSA
The second is that most patients will need to take many pills, on average, three 500 mg tablets once or twice a day