Evidence Against the Gateway Hypothesis The strongest evidence challenging gateway drug theory as a universal mechanism includes: The National Institute of Justice (2018), after reviewing 23 peer-reviewed studies, concluded no causal link between cannabis use and other illicit drug use can be established, noting that statistical correlation persists across populations but direct pharmacological causation cannot be claimed from observational data alone
and, therefore, it cannot be presumed that they have done it
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The relationship of symptoms to smoking was similar in both cities, after adjustment for age and gender, with at least doubled incidence rates of most symptoms in continuous smokers compared to lifetime non-smokers
A total of 4249 subjects were included in the present study