Collider bias can arise if there are confounders of the effect of smoking on vaping (denoted intermediate confounders in the diagram), such as individual smoking histories, or parental smoking/vaping (for youth)
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A study in ScienceDirect also shows 12.5% to 39.4% of users develop leukoplakia, white patches in the mouth that can turn cancerous
Quitting smoking is so hard because of the complex interplay between physical addiction to nicotine and the psychological habits formed around tobacco use, as studied in an article by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention titled Why Quitting Smoking Is Hard. Physically, nicotine creates dependence by altering brain chemistry, leading to withdrawal symptoms such as irritability, cravings, and anxiety when a person tries to quit
In addition, nicotine was found to be the primary contributor to elevations in protease activity in isolated human neutrophils and macrophages, when compared to e-liquid solvents [22]
In this guide for the best vaping kits for serious smokers, we will explain the difference between the types of e-cigarettes and how they work, what is an e-liquid and how the flavour and make up can offer a realistic smoking sensation and provide a list of great e-cigarette kits for big time smokers that we would recommend
