About this article Cite this article LaFlamme, S.E., Mathew-Steiner, S., Singh, N
2018 Jun 15;9(4):603-611
Vitamins function as direct antioxidants, with each playing specific roles: Vitamin C neutralizes free radicals in aqueous environments like blood and cytoplasm Vitamin E protects cell membranes and fatty tissues from lipid peroxidation Vitamin A and carotenoids help quench free radicals in lipid-rich environments and protect eye tissues Minerals, while not antioxidants themselves, serve as essential cofactors for antioxidant enzymes: Selenium is required for glutathione peroxidase function, which neutralizes hydrogen peroxide Zinc, copper, and manganese are necessary components of superoxide dismutase (SOD), which converts superoxide radicals to less harmful molecules These nutrients work together in a coordinated network, with deficiencies in any single component potentially compromising the entire system
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Over time, higher insulin levels become the norm
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