The paper, which was published in the Oral Oncology journal, concluded that the tests strongly suggest that electronic cigarettes are not as safe as their marketing makes them appear to the public. "Vapourised e-cig liquids induce increased DNA strand breaks and cell death. Dr Jessica Wang-Rodriguez, chief of pathology at the San Diego branch of the US Department of Veteran Affairs and co-author of the research said evidence to date suggested that e-cigarettes are no better than smoking regular cigarettes." She explained that many studies have shown that nicotine can damage cells, however her team's study indicates that other components in e-cigarettes may be carginogenic
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[41] Nicotine crosses the placenta and is found in the breast milk of mothers who smoke as well as mothers who inhale passive smoke
Pregnancy tests are designed to detect hCG, and smoking does not interfere with the production or detection of this hormone
Effects of passive smoking on female infertility Research has shown that when women are exposed to second hand smoking, there is a decrease in female fertility
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