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Cigarettes are made using a combination of tobacco leaf, other ingredients and additives, as well as structural materials
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Considered that only limited information is available about the health impact of combustion-free nicotine delivery alternatives in COPD, a research team of CoEHAR (Center of Excellence for the Acceleration of HArm Reduction) led by its founder professor Riccardo Polosa, authored this state-of-the-art review article to carefully identify and critically appraise the existing evidence from human studies on the respiratory health effects of ECs/HTPs substitution for COPD patients who smoke
Smoking raises the risk of heart disease and hypertension, which can affect blood flow and exacerbate ED
Future developments Revisions to modelled estimates Because of the nature of the state space model, the more information that can be provided (for example additional years of data), the more accurate the modelled estimates for 2020 and 2021 are
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