Furthermore, among ex-smokers who had quit less than five years prior to the study, those who had gone on to use e-cigarettes were more likely to develop lung cancer (adjusted HR=1.23, 95%CI 1.091.39), and to die from lung cancer (adjusted HR=1.71, 95%CI 1.102.66) than those who had not
Nicotine is also a stimulant, instantly increasing the heart rate of anyone that smokes, chews, or otherwise gets it in the bloodstream
Notably, while some studies mentioned theoretical frameworks, they often failed to systematically apply these theories to guide research design or test theoretical hypotheses
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